On relations between multi-gluon and multi-graviton scattering in Physics Letters B (Clarivate MJL: 0370-2693 / 1873-2445) verifies the relationship between gravitons and gluon scattering.

Implications of graviton–graviton interaction to dark matter also in Physics Letters B (Clarivate MJL: 0370-2693 / 1873-2445) uses the parallelism between general relativity and quantum chromodynamics in their non-Abelian properties to show that self-interaction can explain the rotation curve.

Status on lattice calculations of the proton spin decomposition in AAPPS Bulletin (Clarivate MJL: 0218-2203 / 2309-4710) shows that gluons and the quark orbital angular momentum contribute significantly to the spin of protons.

Milky Way could invalidate the hypothesis of exotic matter and favor a gravitomagnetic solution to explain dark matter in Scientific Reports (Clarivate MJL: 2045-2322) mentioned:

The fact that this expression (10) is valid for r > 16 kpc justifies the approximation which considers the Milky Way as a point particle, as a central point mass.

In Milky Way could invalidate the hypothesis of exotic matter and favor a gravitomagnetic solution to explain dark matter, the galaxy was modeled as a point particle and shows the contribution of frame-dragging can explain the rotation curve.

However, when a galaxy is modeled as a particle, the galaxy rotation problem is correspondingly transformed into a particle problem, which will be similar to the proton spin crisis.

Of course, modeling alone is not enough to show that the galaxy rotation problem is essentially related to the proton spin crisis, but the content of On relations between multi-gluon and multi-graviton scattering and Implications of graviton–graviton interaction to dark matter seems to imply that the galaxy rotation problem and the proton spin crisis are indeed parallel in nature.

Some people may question On relations between multi-gluon and multi-graviton scattering due to the controversial nature of string theory.

Even so, Status on lattice calculations of the proton spin decomposition, Implications of graviton–graviton interaction to dark matter, and Milky Way could invalidate the hypothesis of exotic matter and favor a gravitomagnetic solution to explain dark matter alone seem sufficient to form an undeniable connection between the galaxy rotation problem and the proton spin crisis.

In other words, the parallel between general relativity and quantum chromodynamics seems to be reflected not only in scattering and self-interaction, but also in the galaxy rotation problem and the proton spin crisis.

Is there cosmological coupling on Earth?

The affirmation of mass increase in astrophysics and the denial of expansion in geophysics seem to be inconsistent.

In 2014, a paper titled The Earth expansion theory and its transition from scientific hypothesis to pseudoscientific belief was published in History of Geo- and Space Sciences (Clarivate MJL: 2190-5010 / 2190-5029), criticizing the expanding Earth.

In 2016, a paper titled Indications from space geodesy, gravimetry and seismology for slow Earth expansion at present – comment on “The Earth expansion theory and its transition from scientific hypothesis to pseudoscientific belief” by Sudiro (2014) was also published in History of Geo- and Space Sciences (Clarivate MJL: 2190-5010 / 2190-5029), stating that the slow expansion model had been ignored and that it was premature to pronounce obituary on the entire expanding Earth theory.

In 2019, a paper titled Deep mantle plumes and an increasing Earth radius was published in Geodesy and Geodynamics (Clarivate MJL: 1674-9847), presenting space geodetic evidence that the Earth's radius is increasing.

In February 2023, a paper titled Observational Evidence for Cosmological Coupling of Black Holes and its Implications for an Astrophysical Source of Dark Energy was published in The Astrophysical Journal Letters (Clarivate MJL: 2041-8205 / 2041-8213), providing evidence for cosmologically coupled mass growth among black holes.

In November 2023, a paper titled Cosmological coupling of nonsingular black holes was published in Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics (Clarivate MJL: 1475-7516), concluding that GR nonsingular BHs/horizonless compact objects, although cosmologically coupled, are unlikely to be the source of dark energy, and proposed a correction to the universal curvature term for objects without an event horizon.

Most papers on cosmological coupling focus on observations of distant objects, but Cosmological coupling of nonsingular black holes proposes a correction to the universal curvature term for objects without an event horizon, which means that cosmological coupling is on all celestial bodies, including the Earth.

The evidence presented in Deep mantle plumes and an increasing Earth radius based on space geodetic also seems to be conducive to applying cosmological coupling to geophysics.

The astronomical observational evidence and the solution of general relativity seem inconsistent with the geological observational evidence and current plate tectonics, which raises my question:

Is there cosmological coupling on Earth?

这整个问题都是基于假设“膨胀”在膨胀的地球边缘理论和宇宙学中的含义相同。但在第一个版本中，它是关于地球大小因密度变化而改变的主张，而在第二个版本中，它涉及时空和物体之间距离的实际变化，是关于黑洞质量增加的主张。。

提出了对没有事件视界的物体的普遍曲率项的修正，这意味着质量增加不仅限于黑洞，还可以扩展到其他天体。但如果质量增加与地球有关，它可能会导致收缩，而不是膨胀。堆砌其他未经证实且相当有争议的理论并不能使情况变得更好。